MOF-derived carbon materials for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding.

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding has attracted growing attention for broadband and high-frequency electronic systems. Metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived carbons have attracted considerable attention as EMI shielding materials owing to their tunable chemical composition, hierarchical porosity, heteroatom doping, and in situ embedded magnetic nanoparticles. In this review, we present a mechanism-oriented overview of MOF-derived carbon EMI shielding materials, focusing on reflection loss, absorption loss, and multiple internal reflections. The relationships between structure and electromagnetic parameters, such as electrical conductivity, complex permittivity, permeability, impedance matching, and attenuation capability, are systematically discussed. Structural engineering strategies are categorized into reflection-dominant shielding based on densified graphitized architectures and absorption-dominant shielding enabled by impedance matching and multi-loss synergy. Finally, the key challenges and future opportunities for developing lightweight and broadband EMI shielding materials are highlighted.